The concept of a product's medical value has to be carefully and creativiely built and developed. Medical value is not a simple concept and various ways of expressing this must be evaluated.

Agreements between a pharmaceutical company and an investigator have morphed over the last 35 years from being a gentlemen's agreement and a single page letter to a rigid contract geared to protecting the institution, preserving academic freedom and rights of the company.

Data from several small trials or even from case studies, can be combined in a meta-analysis to achieve a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

A clinical professional assigned to focus on patient retention in a clinical trial should be proactive and try to prevent issues that may lead to patient withdrawal.